Obesity is the excessive accumulation of fat in subcutaneous and other tissues due to metabolic disturbances, resulting in an increase in body weight. This condition can lead to serious health complications if not addressed properly.
The main signs of obesity include excessive body weight and associated discomfort. Body Mass Index (BMI) is used to assess body weight. It is calculated by dividing weight (kg) by height squared (m²). BMI classifications:
Obesity can be categorized into alimentary-constitutional, hypothalamic, and endocrine obesity.
Excess calorie intake without sufficient physical activity leads to fat storage. Risk factors include sedentary lifestyle, certain medications (hormonal or antidepressants), genetic predisposition, and physiological states (pregnancy, lactation, menopause). Obesity may also be associated with syndromes like Cushing’s syndrome or Prader-Willi syndrome.
Diagnosis is based on BMI assessment and physical examination. Severity classification:
Additional tests such as dexamethasone suppression test or radiologic imaging of the head and spine may be performed to differentiate obesity types. Blood glucose monitoring and glucose tolerance tests are recommended, especially if patients report excessive thirst or dry mouth.
The primary goal of obesity treatment is weight reduction. Approaches include:
In secondary endocrine obesity, treatment focuses on the underlying hormonal disorder.
Obesity increases the risk of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, erectile dysfunction, infertility, fatty liver disease, and other serious conditions.
Prevention is particularly important in individuals with a hereditary-constitutional predisposition. Key strategies include maintaining a balanced diet, reducing calorie intake, and increasing physical activity.
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