Adrenal gland diseases

Adrenal Glands – Detailed Information from an Endocrinologist

Adrenal glands are vital organs of the endocrine system. They regulate metabolism, stress response, blood sugar levels, and fat-carbohydrate balance through hormone synthesis and secretion. They also interact closely with the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and nervous systems.

Structure of the Adrenal Glands

The adrenal glands have a unique structure – one is triangular, the other semicircular. They are enclosed in a thin fibrous capsule. The outer layer – cortex – is responsible for secretion of sex hormones, steroids, and corticosteroids. The inner layer – medulla – contains numerous nerve cells and secretes catecholamines such as adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine.

Adrenal Gland Dysfunction

Endocrinologists classify adrenal problems into two main types:

• Hypofunction – reduced gland activity (caused by tuberculosis, anemia, amyloidosis, etc.), requiring hormone replacement therapy.
• Hyperfunction – excessive gland activity, usually due to tumors. Often requires invasive treatment followed by lifelong hormone therapy.

Symptoms of Adrenal Gland Disorders

Symptoms depend on which hormone is imbalanced, but general signs include:

• Persistent fatigue and weakness
• Muscle weakness and irritability
• Sleep disturbances
• Hyperpigmentation on various body areas (hands, elbows, etc.)

Warning! Acute adrenal failure (adrenal crisis) is life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.

Diagnostic Methods

If adrenal dysfunction is suspected, an endocrinologist may recommend:

• Urine and blood tests (hormone levels)
• Ultrasound (US) and MRI
• Multispiral CT scan (most informative)
• Scintigraphy – for detailed examination of cortex and medulla
• Laparoscopy – if malignancy is suspected

Treatment of Adrenal Disorders

Treatment depends on the type of disorder. If conservative methods are insufficient, hormone replacement therapy or surgical intervention may be required. Early diagnosis greatly improves treatment outcomes. Traditional medicine remedies may be used only under medical supervision as a complement to primary therapy.